Book Code : | 166 |
---|---|
Subject Code : | 7100 |
Author : | Zeeshan Sheikhd |
Language : | English |
Publishers : | Read and Write Publications |
Introducing Commerce O Level Notes 166 – a comprehensive set of revision notes meticulously crafted to support students preparing for the Cambridge O Level Commerce exam. Authored by Zeeshan Sheikh, a highly experienced Commerce teacher with over 10 years of teaching expertise, these notes provide a thorough coverage of the updated CAIE O-Level Commerce (7100) syllabus.
1. Introduction to Commerce: Gain insights into the fundamental concepts and principles of commerce, including the nature of business, economic systems, and business ethics.
2. Business Organizations: Explore various forms of business organizations, such as sole proprietorships, partnerships, companies, and cooperatives.
3. Marketing: Dive into the world of marketing, understanding the marketing mix, market research, consumer behavior, and marketing strategies.
4. Finance: Develop a solid foundation in financial management, covering topics like accounting concepts, financial statements, budgeting, and financial analysis.
5. Human Resource Management: Learn about the essential aspects of managing human resources within organizations, including recruitment, training, motivation, and employee relations.
6. Accounting: Understand the principles and techniques of accounting, including recording transactions, financial statements, analysis, and interpretation of financial data.
7. Business Law: Familiarize yourself with the legal framework governing business operations, contracts, employment law, and consumer protection.
8. Government and Economic Systems: Examine the role of government in the economy, different economic systems, and the impact of government policies on businesses.
9. International Trade: Explore the complexities of international trade, including global markets, trade agreements, and the role of international organizations.
These notes are designed to facilitate effective learning and exam preparation. The content is presented in a clear and concise style, ensuring ease of understanding. Diagrams are incorporated to enhance conceptual understanding, bringing clarity to complex topics. The notes are highly exam-focused, providing valuable insights and strategies to maximize grades.
To strengthen exam readiness, the notes include practice questions sourced from past papers. This allows students to apply their knowledge and evaluate their understanding of the material. A page index is provided to help students track each topic, facilitating efficient navigation through the content. Additionally, high-quality printing ensures the clarity and accuracy of diagrams and figures.
Commerce O Level Notes 166 is an essential resource for students preparing for the Cambridge O Level Commerce exam. The comprehensive coverage, exam-focused approach, and inclusion of practice questions make these notes a valuable tool for success.
1. Seasoned Authorship: Authored by an experienced Commerce teacher with over 10 years of teaching experience.
2. Complete Syllabus Coverage: Covers the entire updated CAIE O-Level Commerce (7100) syllabus.
3. Diagrams for Conceptual Understanding: Includes diagrams to enhance the comprehension of key concepts.
4. Exam-Focused Approach: Highly focused on exam requirements, ensuring better grades.
5. Practice Questions from Past Papers: Provides practice questions to test understanding and reinforce exam techniques.
6. Page Index and Mark Schemes: Offers a page index to track each topic and access mark schemes.
7. High-Quality Printing: Ensures clarity and precision of all diagrams and figures.
Embrace Commerce O Level Notes 166 and unlock the knowledge and skills needed to excel in the field of commerce. Prepare with confidence, deepen your understanding, and achieve outstanding results with this indispensable resource.
UNIT 1 PRODUCTION
What is commerce?
1.1: The Chain of Production
Production
Chain of production
Needs and Wants
Needs
Wants
1.2: Primary Industries, Secondary Industries and Tertiary Activities
Direct Production and Indirect production
Direct production
Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sector of Production
Primary production
Secondary production
Tertiary production
How are manufacturing and tertiary activities inter-related?
1.3: Specialization and Division of Labor
Specialization
Forms of Specialization
1.4: Commerce
Trade and Aids to Trade
Types of Trade
Purpose / Importance of Foreign (overseas) trade
Comparison of Home Trade and Foreign Trade
Aids to Trade
1.5: The relationship between industry, commerce and direct services
UNIT 2 RETAIL TRADE
2.1: The role of retailer in the chain of distribution
The Retail Trade
2.2: Types of Retailers
Small Scale Retailers
Peddlers / Hawkers / Roadside Traders / Mobile Shops / Street Markets
Advantages
Disadvantages
Unit Retailers
Advantages
Disadvantages
Automatic Vending Machines
Advantages
Disadvantages
Specialty shops
Advantages
Disadvantages
LARGE SCALE RETAILERS
Department Store
Advantages of departmental stores
Disadvantages of departmental stores
Multiple Chain Stores/Multiple Shops
Advantages
Disadvantages
Super market
Advantages of supermarket
Disadvantages of supermarkets
Hyper Market
Advantages of hypermarket
Disadvantages of hypermarkets
2.3: Large Scale and Small Scale Retailing
How do small scale retailers survive against competition from large scale retailers?
2.4: Selling Techniques and methods and the implications of e-commerce
Branding / Own Brands / Logo
Packaging
Self Service
After Sale Service
Computers as AID to retailing
E-commerce
Why Small Scale Retailers are dependent on wholesalers
2.5: Trends In retailing
Omni-channel (Omni-channel retailing)
Self Service Checkouts
Loyalty Programs
Mobile Retailing: (m-commerce)
UNIT 3 CUSTOMER CREDIT
3.1: Use of Credit
Reasons for giving Credit / Reasons for increased use of credit
3.2: Types of Credit
Hire Purchase
Extended Credit / Deferred payment
Store cards
Credit Cards
Informal Credit / Lay-bye
3.3: Suitability of different types of credit
UNIT 4 WHOLESALER
4.1: The role of wholesaler in the chain of distribution
Wholesale Trade
Channel of Distribution
Different Channels of Distribution
Factors affecting choice of Channel of Distributions
4.2: Functions and services of the wholesaler
Cash-and-carry wholesalers
Voluntary chains
Reasons why do wholesalers not operate at retail level
Why the role of wholesaler is on decline
4.3: Intermediaries
Middle Man
Agents
1. Factors
2. Brokers
Special types of Middleman
Why Small Scale Retailers are dependent on wholesalers
UNIT 5 DOCUMENTS OF TRADE
Why are Documents needed?
COMMON FEATURES in all Documents
5.1: Documents of Home Trade
ENQUIRY (Issued by: Buyer, Issued to: Seller)
QUOTATION (Issued by: Seller, Issued to: Buyer)
CATALOGUE (Issued by: Seller, Issued to: Buyer)
PRICE LIST (Issued by: Seller, Issued to: Buyer)
ORDER (Issued by: Buyer, Issued to: Seller)
ADVICE NOTE (Issued by: Seller, Issued to: Buyer)
DELIVERY NOTE (Issued by: Seller, Issued to: Buyer)
INVOICE (Issued by: Seller, Issued to: Buyer)
CREDIT NOTE (Issued by: Seller, Issued to: Buyer)
STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT (Issued by: Seller, Issued to: Buyer) Differences between Invoice and Statement of Account
Sequence of Documents in Home Trade
5.2: Terms of payment
Cash discount
Trade discount
Mark-up
UNIT 6 INTERNATIONAL TRADE
International trade
6.1: The Importance of International Trade
Types of International/Foreign Trade
Visible and Invisible Trade
Similarities between Home Trade and Foreign Trade
Differences between Home Trade and Foreign Trade Interdependence of countries
6.2: BALANCE OF TRADE AND BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
Balance of Trade
Balance of Payments
The Current Account
The Capital Account
The Financial Account
Why deficit in Balance of Payments and Balance of Trade is undesirable
6.3: Customs authorities
6.4: Free Trade, trading blocs and protectionism
Free trade
Trading blocs
Protectionism
How to protect from imports-to make balance of payment surplus? Effects of protectionism
6.5: Difficulties faced by Importers and Exporters
Difficulties faced by Exporters
Exporters and Aids to Trade
UNIT 7 ADVERTISING
7.1: The role of advertising
Aims/ Purposes of Advertisement
Advantages of advertisement
Dangers of Advertisement: (Criticism on advertisements)
Types of Advertising
7.2: Advertising Media
Television
Radio
Internet
Cinema
National Newspapers
Local Newspapers
Magazines
Trade Journals
Trade Fairs / Shows / Exhibition
Leaflets / Flyers / Pamphlets
Packaging/Plastic Bags
Direct mail
Sponsorships
Catalogs/ Broachers
Digital Billboard
Transport Vehicles
Point of sale display / Windows display
Neon Lights/Signs
Factors affecting choice of Advertisement Media
7.3: Methods of Appeal (Devices)
Color
Emotion
Ambition
Famous people (celebrities)
Music
Humor
7.4: Sales Promotion
Difference between Advertising and Sales Promotion
Methods of promotion
Displays and demonstrations
Factors effecting choice of sales promotion method
7.5: Trends in advertising
Digital Billboards
Product Placement
Mobile phone advertisement
Digital Video Advertisement
Importance of Internet Advertising
UNIT 8 COMMUNICATION
8.1: Importance of Communications in trade and the global market Importance of communication in commerce
8.2: Methods of communications» Internal and external
Verbal / Oral
Visual
Written
Electronic methods of communication
Telephones
Mobile-phones
Internet
Intrane
t Teleconferencing and Video-conferencing
Factors affecting choice of medium
8.3: Postal Services
8.4: Trends in communication
Tablets and Smart-phones
Social Media
Application Stores
UNIT 9 TRANSPORT
9.1: TRANSPORTATION
Importance of Transportation
Modes of Transportation
Pipelines (Transport of gases, liquids)Road Transport
Rail Transport
Air Transportation
Sea Transportation
Waterways Pipelines
Factors affecting choice of method of transport
Cost of transportation
Risk of damage and safety issues
Urgency or speed required
Convenience
Distance
Nature of goods
Quantity to be transported
Value of goods and security needed
Effects of owning transport to a business
9.2: Containerization
9.3: Ports and airports
Port Authorities
Airport Authorities
9.4: Transport documents
(i) Delivery Note
(ii) Consignment Note
(iii) Bill of Lading
(iv) Air Waybill
9.5: Development and Trends in Transportation
Chartering Transport
Express Routes
Changes in use of rail transport, mass transit system and high speed trains
Increased use of freight forwarders
UNIT 10 WAREHOUSING
10.1: Role of Warehousing
Importance of Warehouses to business and trade
Production
Prices
Regular Supply
Prepares goods and make them sale-able
Display of goods
Services to International Trade
10.2: Types of Warehouses
Bonded Warehouse
Cold Storage Warehouse
Cash and Carry warehouses
Manufacturer and Retailer Warehouses
Regional Distribution Centers
UNIT 11 INSURANCE
11.1: Purposes of Insurance
How does Insurance help the economy?
The importance of pooling of Risk
11.2: Business and personal risks
Business Risks
Personal Risks
Difference between Insurable and Non Insurable Risks
11.3: PRINCIPLES OF INSURANCE
Indemnity/Compensation
Insurable Interest
Utmost Good Faith
Evaluating Insurance Quotation Depends upon
11.4: Effecting Insurance Cover
Procedure
11.5: Statistical Basis of Insurance
Factors affecting the Premium
Premiums and its calculations
Main Documents of Insurance
Proposal Form
Cover Note
Insurance Policy
Insurance Broker
Functions of Insurance Broker
Benefits to the customers using Insurance Broker
11.6: Effecting Insurance Claim
Claim Form
UNIT 12 BANKING
Introduction
12.1: BANKING SERVICES
Services offered by the commercial banks
Savings Account
Current Account
Paying-in Slip
Issuance of Bank Statement
Night Safe Deposits
ATM (Automated Teller Machine) services
Internet Banking
Telebanking
Bank over-draft
12.2: MEANS OF PAYMENT IN HOME AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE
Payments in Home trade
Cash
Cheques
Credit Transfers / Bank Giro
Standing Orders / Banker’s order
Direct Debit
Comparison of Standing Order and Direct Debit
Credit Cards
Debit Cards
Bank Drafts / Cashier’s Cheque / Banker’s Cheque
Factors effecting choice of method of payment
Means of payment in International trade
Remittances
Electronic Transfers
Documentary Credit (Letter of credit)
12.3:Trends in Banking
Mobile and digital Banking / Internet Banking
Mobile Wallets
UNIT 13 THE BUSINESS UNIT
13.1: Location Of A Business Including Retail Units
Location of Primary Production Units
Location of Secondary Production Units
Location of Tertiary Production Units
13.2: PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR
The Public Sector
Types of Private Sector Organizations
Sole Trader
Partnership Private Limited Company
Public Limited Company
Public Corporations
13.4: FRANCHISES
Franchisor
Franchisee
Franchise Agreement
13.5: MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES
UNIT 14 FINANCE
14.1: SOURCES OF FINANCE
Long term and Short Term Finance
Long-term Financing
Shares
Debentures
Mortgage
Loans
Sale and Leaseback
Short-term Financing
Overdraft
Debt Factoring
Leasing
Trade Credit
Hire Purchase
Long-term vs. Short-term Financing
Methods of Self-Financing
Retained Profits: (Retained Earnings)
Sale of Asset
Savings
Sources of Finance in particular given business situations
Finance for commercial activity
UNIT 15 CHANGING ENVIRONMENT OF COMMERCE
15.1: COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY AND THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
Political Factors
Economic Factors
Social Factors
Technological Factors
15.2: COMMERCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF E-COMMERCE
E-shop: (e-store or e-tailer)
Commercial Effects of e-commerce
15.3: COMMERCE AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Environmental Effects of e-commerce
15.4: CONSUMER PROTECTION
Importance of Consumer Protection
Methods of safeguarding the consumer
Consumers Rights
Actions that a consumer can take
Faulty Goods
If after purchase, customer does not like the product
You must be logged in to post a review.
Reviews
There are no reviews yet.