UNIT-1: THE LAND OF PAKISTAN (TOPOGRAPHY)
Basics of Topography
(a) Location of Pakistan
(b) Provinces, Northern Area FANA and FATA
Major City of Pakistan
(c) The natural topography of Pakistan
North and North Western Mountains
Western Mountains
Balochistan Plateau
Potwar Plateau and Salt Range
Indus Plain
Deserts of Pakistan
Sample Question
UNIT-2: CLIMATE OF PAKISTAN
Climatic Elements:
CLIMATIC ZONES/REGIONS OF PAKISTAN
RAINFALL
MONSOON RAINFALL (July - Sep)
Western Depression (Mid Dec - March)
Convectional Rainfall or Rainfall through Thunderstorm: (April - June, Oct-Mid Dec)
Relief rainfall:
Tropical cyclones:
Effectiveness of rainfall
Measures to reduce the destructive effects of floods:
Drought Management
Storms
Sample Question
UNIT-3: WATER SOURCES IN PAKISTAN
Water Resources
The Indus System
Rivers of Balochistan
Inland drainage
Ground Water
Methods of Irrigation
Indus Water Treaty 1960
Dams
Main Barrages of Pakistan
Siltation
Water Logging and Salinity
Surface Water Pollution
Management of Water Resources
Sample Question
UNIT-4: FORESTS OF PAKISTAN
Importance of Forests
Factors determining types and density of forest
Types and importance of the forest
Irrigated Forests
Deforestation:
Terracing (Planting fruits trees on the slopes of hills) and Contour Ploughing
Forest management techniques
Sustainable Forestry
Sample Question
UNIT-5: MINERAL RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN
Metallic and Non-Metallic Minerals
Uses and description of Metallic and Non-Metallic Minerals
Types of mining
Quarrying
Effects on minors and the protection
Problems of the mining industry
Economic benefits of mining
Sustainable mining
Organizations for mining in Pakistan
Sample Question
UNIT-6: FISHING INDUSTRY
Fishing areas and methods
Types of Marine fishing
Reasons for more fish catch along the Sindh Coastline
Inland fishing
Fish farming
Improvements in fishing methods
Problems with the fishing industry
Sample Question
UNIT-7: AGRICULTURE
Small scale / cash crop farming
Types of crops
HYV (High-Yielding Variety)/GM (Genetically Modified) Seeds:
Factors affecting farming
Geographical requirements of major cash crops
Barani method of wheat farming
Minor crops
Livestock farming
Subsistence level
Commercial livestock farming
Problems/disadvantages of livestock farming:
Main livestock resources
Sample Question
UNIT-8: POWER RESOURCES
Non-Renewable resource
Coal
Mineral oil
Natural gas
Nuclear Power
Thermal energy
Renewable energy resources
1. Hydro electric power (HEP)
2. Solar power:
3. Wind Power:
4. Geothermal
5. Wave and Tidal Energy
6. Biomass
Load Shedding
Advantages of Rural Electrification
Sample Question
UNIT-9: INDUSTRIES
Cotton Textile Industry
Sugar Industry
Fertilizer Industry
Cement Industry
Iron and Steel Industry
Difference between Industrial Estates and Special Industrial Zones
Industrial Policies of the Government during different periods
Formal and Informal Sector
Cottage and small scale industry
Problems of cottage and small scale industry
Tertiary Industry
Sample Question
UNIT-10: TRADE
Trade
Advantages of trade
Export
Import
Major Exports and Imports
GDP and GNP:
Trade barriers
Trading Blocs
Pakistan and the EU
Sample Question
UNIT-11: TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION
Factors determining Railways, roads. Sea and airways
Railways
Roads
Importance of Motorways
Road transport vs rail transport
Dry Ports
Airways
Waterways
Communication
Industrial Development and Marketing
Sample Question
UNIT-12: POPULATION
Population of Pakistan
Literacy rate of Pakistan
Reasons for high population Growth
Problems created by high population
Measures to reduce growth rate (population)
The demographic transition model
Population pyramids for Pakistan
Employment
Population density and distribution
Migration
Migration within Pakistan
Rural - Urban migration
Rural - Urban migration problems
Self-Help Schemes
